The Legacy of Black Legislators in Reconstruction-Era Mississippi
After the tumultuous Civil War, a significant transformation swept across the South, especially in states like Mississippi. Fueled by the 14th Amendment and new state constitutions, African Americans seized the opportunity for unprecedented political empowerment. Over two decades, Mississippi witnessed the election of 162 Black men to various state and national offices—an impressive feat that surpassed any other state during this period. This era, often referred to as Reconstruction, marked a brief moment of multiracial democracy that ultimately faced immense backlash.
Among those recognized for their leadership were Black men from Adams County, who played pivotal roles in shaping the political landscape. Perhaps the most notable was Hiram Rhodes Revels, who became the first African American to serve in either house of the U.S. Congress. His election symbolized hope and progress in a time of great adversity.
Adams County’s Trailblazers
Between 1870 and 1891, Adams County produced an impressive roster of Black legislators who contributed significantly to Mississippi politics. In the U.S. Congress, John Roy Lynch and Hiram Rhodes Revels stood out as trailblazers. Lynch, often celebrated for his eloquence and leadership, succeeded Revels and carried the torch of representation for African Americans.
The State Senate saw the participation of Jeremiah M.P. Williams, while the State House of Representatives boasted a diverse group of influential lawmakers: George F. Bowles, Felix L. Cory, Willis Davis, William W. Hence, Henry P. Jacobs, William H. Lynch, and George R. Washington. These individuals worked tirelessly to advocate for civil rights and improve living conditions for the African American community, leveraging their positions to influence legislation during a transformative era.
The Overthrow of Reconstruction
Regrettably, the period of multiracial democracy was not destined to last. The backlash against Reconstruction culminated in the overthrow of these advancements, particularly with the passage of the 1890 state constitution. This document effectively disenfranchised many Black voters and dismantled the governmental structures that had supported their representation. For over 70 years, Mississippi would endure a dark period marked by systemic oppression and the exclusion of African Americans from political life.
The Making Their Mark Project
Fast forward to the present, and efforts are underway to honor and celebrate the contributions of these historic legislators through the “Making Their Mark Project.” Co-directed by Baldwin and Chuck Yarborough of the Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science, this initiative aims to install commemorative markers and spearhead community programming across 22 counties. It seeks to rekindle awareness of the remarkable achievements of Black lawmakers during Reconstruction.
The project assembles a team of dedicated researchers and historians, each bringing a unique perspective to the initiative. This group includes Brother Rogers, a historian formerly associated with the Mississippi Department of Archives and History; Dr. Roscoe Barnes III, who manages cultural heritage tourism for Visit Natchez; and Dr. Robby Luckett, the director of the Margaret Walker Center at Jackson State University. Collaboration also extends to Heather Denne, who focuses on community engagement at Jackson State University, and Vickie Roberts Ratliff from Land, Literacy, Legacy LLC.
Baldwin’s Pioneering Research
Among the prominent figures leading this charge is Baldwin, who serves as an associate professor and engagement librarian at Mississippi State University Libraries. Renowned for her expertise on Black legislators during Reconstruction, Baldwin has created an invaluable resource titled “Against All Odds: The First Black Legislators in Mississippi.” This website serves as a compendium of biographies, photographs, newspaper clippings, and research materials showcasing these historic figures, making it easier for researchers and the public to connect with their stories.
Her dedication has not gone unnoticed. In 2025, she received an Award of Merit from the Mississippi Historical Society, followed by the prestigious 2026 Humanities Scholar Award from the Mississippi Humanities Council. Through her work, Baldwin ensures that the legacies of these trailblazers are not just remembered but celebrated.
The Importance of Remembrance
The narrative of Black legislators in Reconstruction-era Mississippi is not just a story of political achievement; it’s a crucial part of the larger American story. This chapter emphasizes the resilience and determination of those who dared to create progress amidst considerable resistance. As projects like “Making Their Mark” unfold, they illuminate the past, reminding communities of their rich histories and the ongoing struggle for civil rights and representation. In recognizing these efforts, we not only honor those who came before but also inspire future generations to continue advocating for justice and equality.